Gunsmith Part 12: Troubleshooting Common AR-15 Issues

Introduction

Welcome back to our continuing series on gunsmithing. In previous installments, we’ve covered the foundational skills of firearm maintenance, including disassembly and reassembly of common platforms, basic cleaning and lubrication, and introductory metal finishing techniques. We’ve explored various firearms and learned the importance of proper care and attention to detail. Building upon that knowledge, this installment of gunsmith part twelve delves into a crucial skill for any gunsmith or AR-15 enthusiast: diagnosing and resolving common malfunctions in the AR-15 platform.

The AR-15 is one of the most popular firearms in the United States, known for its modularity, reliability, and ease of use. However, even the most well-maintained AR-15 can experience malfunctions from time to time. Understanding how to diagnose and fix these issues is vital for maintaining the firearm’s functionality and ensuring safe operation. This knowledge will not only save you time and money on repairs, but will also greatly increase your safety and familiarity with your AR-15.

In this article, you’ll learn how to identify common AR-15 malfunctions, understand their underlying causes, and implement effective solutions to get your rifle back in top working order. We’ll cover everything from failure to feed issues to extraction problems, and we’ll provide practical tips and troubleshooting techniques that you can use in the field or at your workbench. We’ll delve into specific components, ensuring you have a deep understanding of the inner workings of the AR-15 system. Get ready to elevate your gunsmithing skills and tackle these common issues with confidence.

Diagnosing AR-15 Malfunctions

The AR-15, despite its robust design, is susceptible to a range of malfunctions. Knowing how to quickly and accurately identify the problem is the first step to effective troubleshooting. Let’s explore some of the most frequent issues encountered with this platform.

Failure to Feed

This malfunction occurs when a cartridge fails to properly chamber in the AR-15. The bolt carrier group doesn’t strip a round from the magazine and seat it into the chamber.

Tools and Materials Required: Dummy rounds, chamber flag, safety glasses, appropriate cleaning supplies.

Step-by-Step Instructions:

1. Ensure the firearm is pointed in a safe direction and the safety is engaged. Remove the magazine.
2. Attempt to cycle the action manually. If the bolt is stuck, use moderate force to dislodge it.
3. Visually inspect the chamber and feed ramp for any obstructions or excessive carbon buildup.
4. Check the magazine for proper seating and ensure the rounds are correctly aligned.
5. Examine the gas system (gas block, gas tube) for any signs of damage or blockage.

Safety Precautions: Always treat the firearm as if it is loaded. Wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from flying debris.

Common Causes: Dirty chamber, damaged magazine, weak magazine spring, improperly lubricated bolt carrier group, short stroking (insufficient gas pressure).

Failure to Eject

This occurs when a spent casing fails to properly extract from the chamber and eject from the AR-15. The spent case remains in the chamber or is partially extracted.

Tools and Materials Required: Cleaning rod, chamber brush, safety glasses, appropriate cleaning solvents.

Step-by-Step Instructions:

1. Ensure the firearm is pointed in a safe direction and the safety is engaged. Remove the magazine.
2. Attempt to manually eject the casing. If the casing is stuck, use a cleaning rod to gently push it out from the muzzle end.
3. Thoroughly clean the chamber and extractor to remove any carbon buildup or debris.
4. Inspect the extractor spring and ensure it is not worn or damaged.
5. Check the ejector for proper function and ensure it is not broken or obstructed.

Safety Precautions: Always wear safety glasses to protect your eyes. Be careful when using a cleaning rod to avoid damaging the barrel.

Common Causes: Dirty chamber, weak extractor spring, worn extractor, damaged ejector, improper lubrication, over-pressured ammunition.

Double Feed

A double feed is when two rounds are simultaneously stripped from the magazine and attempt to enter the chamber.

Tools and Materials Required: Multitool, dummy rounds, magazine disassembly tool (if needed).

Step-by-Step Instructions:

1. Ensure the firearm is pointed in a safe direction and the safety is engaged. Remove the magazine.
2. Lock the bolt carrier group to the rear.
3. Carefully remove both rounds from the firearm. This may require using a tool to dislodge them.
4. Inspect the magazine feed lips for damage or bending.
5. Ensure the magazine is properly seated and locked into the magazine well.

Safety Precautions: Handle live ammunition with care. Avoid forcing rounds into the chamber.

Common Causes: Damaged magazine feed lips, weak magazine spring, improperly loaded magazine.

Light Primer Strike

A light primer strike occurs when the firing pin does not strike the primer with enough force to ignite the powder. This results in a click instead of a bang.

Tools and Materials Required: Firing pin protrusion gauge, safety glasses, appropriate cleaning supplies.

Step-by-Step Instructions:

1. Ensure the firearm is pointed in a safe direction and the safety is engaged. Remove the magazine.
2. Attempt to cycle the action manually and eject the round.
3. Inspect the primer of the ejected round for a light or shallow indentation.
4. Check the firing pin for damage or excessive wear.
5. Ensure the firing pin channel is clean and free of debris.

Safety Precautions: Always treat the firearm as if it is loaded. Wait a reasonable amount of time before handling a round that failed to fire (hangfire).

Common Causes: Weak hammer spring, dirty firing pin channel, out-of-spec firing pin, improperly seated primer.

Advanced Considerations/Tips and Tricks

Beyond the basic troubleshooting steps, there are some advanced considerations that can help you keep your AR-15 running smoothly.

• Understanding Gas System Issues: Pay close attention to the gas system. The proper gas pressure is crucial for reliable cycling. An under-gassed system will result in short stroking, while an over-gassed system can cause excessive recoil and premature wear. Consider adjustable gas blocks for fine-tuning.
• Extractor Upgrades: A stronger extractor spring or an upgraded extractor with a rubber O-ring can improve extraction reliability, especially in high-round-count or suppressed firearms.
• Buffer Weight Tuning: Experimenting with different buffer weights can help optimize the AR-15’s cycling for different ammunition types and shooting styles.
• Proper Lubrication is Key: The AR-15 is a direct impingement system, meaning it relies on gas to cycle. Keeping the bolt carrier group well-lubricated is crucial for smooth operation and preventing malfunctions. Use a high-quality lubricant designed for firearms.
• Magazine Maintenance: Regularly clean and inspect your magazines. Replace worn or damaged magazines immediately. Disassembling magazines and cleaning them internally can significantly improve their reliability.

Conclusion

Mastering the art of troubleshooting common AR-15 issues is an invaluable skill for any gunsmith or AR-15 owner. By understanding the causes and implementing the solutions outlined in this article, you can keep your rifle running smoothly and reliably. Remember, safety is paramount, so always follow proper safety procedures when handling firearms.

We covered identifying failures to feed, failures to eject, double feeds and light primer strikes. Addressing each with step by step instructions and safety precautions. We delved into some common causes and explained the importance of proper maintenance to prevent these issues. We also covered some advanced considerations.

In the next installment of Gunsmith Part 13, we’ll be diving into advanced AR-15 modifications, including trigger upgrades, accurizing techniques, and customizing your rifle to meet your specific needs. We look forward to seeing you there! We encourage you to practice these troubleshooting techniques. Share your experiences and any tips you have in the comments below!