Gunsmith Part 18: AR-15 Malfunctions – Diagnosis, Repair, and Prevention for Peak Performance

Introduction

Welcome back to the Gunsmith series, your comprehensive guide to firearm maintenance, modification, and informed gun ownership. We’ve explored a wide range of topics in previous installments, from basic cleaning techniques to advanced modifications. In the last installment, we specifically examined the importance of proper lubrication for semi-automatic rifles. Today, in Gunsmith part 18, we’re tackling a crucial aspect of AR-15 ownership: troubleshooting common malfunctions. This isn’t just about fixing problems; it’s about understanding your rifle, ensuring its reliability, and potentially saving yourself frustration and expense at the range or in a critical situation.

The AR-15 platform is renowned for its modularity and adaptability, but like any mechanical device, it’s susceptible to malfunctions. These malfunctions can range from minor inconveniences to serious issues that prevent the rifle from functioning safely and effectively. Understanding the common culprits behind these stoppages, learning to diagnose them accurately, and knowing how to implement effective solutions is paramount for any AR-15 owner, from the casual shooter to the seasoned professional.

This article will provide a clear and concise guide to the most frequent AR-15 malfunctions, offering a systematic approach to diagnosis, practical repair techniques, and preventative measures designed to keep your rifle running smoothly for years to come. We will cover failure to feed, failure to eject, double feeds, light primer strikes, and the critical importance of recognizing and addressing the potential for runaway fire. By the end of this article, you’ll be better equipped to keep your AR-15 in optimal working order.

Common AR-15 Malfunctions: An Overview

Before diving into diagnosis and repair, let’s define the common AR-15 malfunctions we’ll be addressing. Each of these presents differently, and understanding the symptoms is the first step toward identifying the underlying cause.

Failure to Feed (FTF)

This occurs when a cartridge fails to chamber properly after being stripped from the magazine. The bolt carrier group may stop short of fully seating the cartridge, leaving the bolt slightly out of battery. You’ll typically see the cartridge partially protruding from the magazine well or lodged against the chamber face.

Failure to Eject (FTE)

In this scenario, a spent cartridge case is not properly extracted and ejected from the chamber after firing. The case may remain lodged in the chamber, or it may be partially extracted but fail to clear the ejection port. This often results in the next round attempting to feed, creating a double feed situation.

Double Feed

A double feed happens when two cartridges attempt to enter the chamber simultaneously. This usually occurs because a cartridge is not fully ejected before the next round is stripped from the magazine. It results in a jammed action and requires manual intervention to clear.

Light Primer Strike

A light primer strike happens when the firing pin strikes the primer with insufficient force to ignite the powder charge. This results in a “click” instead of a “bang,” and the cartridge remains unspent in the chamber. While sometimes attributable to faulty ammunition, it often indicates a problem with the firing pin, hammer, or trigger mechanism.

Runaway Fire

This is the most dangerous malfunction and occurs when the rifle fires repeatedly and uncontrollably as long as the trigger is held down. This is extremely rare but incredibly dangerous, and immediate action is required to stop the rifle safely. This requires immediate safe action and should always be approached with extreme caution.

Diagnosing the Issue: A Systematic Approach

When your AR-15 malfunctions, resist the urge to immediately start disassembling it. Instead, follow a systematic approach to diagnose the problem. This will save you time and potentially prevent you from creating new issues.

Begin with a thorough visual inspection. This is the first and often most revealing step.

Check the Chamber and Barrel

Is the chamber clear of obstructions? Is the barrel free of debris? Look for signs of excessive fouling or damage.

Examine the Bolt and Bolt Carrier Group (BCG)

Inspect the bolt face for damage or excessive wear. Check the extractor for proper function and look for any signs of breakage or deformation. Examine the ejector for proper movement and spring tension. Make sure the gas rings on the bolt are in good condition and properly seated.

Inspect the Magazine

The magazine is a frequent culprit in AR-15 malfunctions. Check the magazine lips for damage or deformation. Ensure the follower moves freely and that the spring provides adequate tension. Try a different magazine to see if the problem persists.

Next, perform function checks. These will help you isolate the problem further.

Manually Cycle the Action

With the rifle unloaded and pointed in a safe direction, manually cycle the action several times. Pay attention to any resistance or unusual sounds. Does the bolt lock back on an empty magazine?

Check the Gas System (if applicable)

For direct impingement AR-15s, the gas system is critical for proper function. Inspect the gas block for proper alignment and tightness. Check the gas tube for damage or obstructions. Consider performing a gas ring test to assess the sealing of the gas rings.

Solutions and Repairs: Practical Techniques

Once you’ve diagnosed the problem, you can begin implementing solutions. Start with the simplest and most common fixes first.

Cleaning and Lubrication

A dirty or poorly lubricated rifle is a prime candidate for malfunctions. Thoroughly clean the BCG, chamber, and barrel. Apply a high-quality lubricant to all moving parts, paying particular attention to the bolt, bolt carrier, and charging handle. Regular cleaning and lubrication are crucial for preventing many common malfunctions.

Replacing Worn Parts

Worn or damaged parts can cause a variety of malfunctions. The extractor and ejector are particularly prone to wear and should be replaced periodically. Springs, especially those in the magazine and bolt assembly, can also weaken over time and should be replaced as needed. When replacing parts, always use high-quality components from reputable manufacturers.

Adjusting Gas System (if applicable)

Some AR-15s feature adjustable gas blocks, allowing you to fine-tune the amount of gas entering the system. If your rifle is over-gassed or under-gassed, adjusting the gas block can improve reliability. Consult your rifle’s manual for instructions on adjusting the gas block.

Magazine Maintenance and Replacement

Magazines are often the source of feeding issues. Clean and lubricate your magazines regularly. Disassemble them and inspect the follower, spring, and feed lips for damage. Replace any worn or damaged magazines. Using high-quality magazines from reputable manufacturers is essential for reliable AR-15 function.

Runaway Fire: A Critical Safety Concern

Addressing runaway fire warrants special attention due to the immense safety risk. If your rifle experiences runaway fire, immediately release the trigger and attempt to safely control the firearm. Try to aim the muzzle in a safe direction and disengage the magazine. Once you’ve stopped the immediate danger, do not attempt to diagnose or repair the firearm yourself. Take it to a qualified gunsmith immediately. Runaway fire is often caused by a worn or damaged trigger mechanism, and attempting to fix it without proper expertise can be extremely dangerous.

Prevention: Maintaining a Reliable AR-15

Preventing malfunctions is always preferable to fixing them. By following a few simple steps, you can significantly reduce the likelihood of experiencing problems with your AR-15.

Proper Cleaning and Maintenance Schedule

Establish a regular cleaning and maintenance schedule. Clean your rifle after each shooting session, or at least every few hundred rounds. Pay attention to detail and ensure all parts are properly cleaned and lubricated.

Using Quality Ammunition

Using high-quality ammunition is crucial for reliable function. Avoid using reloaded ammunition unless you are absolutely certain of its quality and consistency. Stick to reputable brands and bullet weights that are compatible with your rifle’s barrel twist rate.

Inspecting Parts Regularly

Regularly inspect your rifle’s parts for wear and damage. Pay particular attention to the extractor, ejector, gas rings, and springs. Replace any worn or damaged parts promptly. Regular inspection allows you to identify potential problems before they cause malfunctions.

Conclusion

Troubleshooting AR-15 malfunctions is a crucial skill for any AR-15 owner. By understanding the common types of malfunctions, learning to diagnose them systematically, and implementing effective solutions, you can ensure your rifle remains reliable and safe to use. Remember that consistent maintenance, quality ammunition, and attentive inspection are key to preventing malfunctions and enjoying a trouble-free shooting experience. Mastering these techniques will not only enhance your shooting experience but will also empower you to maintain your firearm with confidence and competence.

We hope that gunsmith part 18 has been informative and helpful in expanding your knowledge of the AR-15 platform. Understanding and addressing potential issues proactively will contribute to a safer and more enjoyable shooting experience. In the next Gunsmith installment, we’ll explore advanced techniques for customizing your AR-15 trigger for improved accuracy and performance.